What colour change shows water is present when anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is used?
Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is blue and becomes pink when hydrated by water.
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Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is blue and becomes pink when hydrated by water.
Both displayed structural formulae have molecular formula C₄H₁₀, but one is a straight chain and the other is branched.
Controlling acid conditions and apparatus isolates carbonate identity; an airtight gas syringe provides quantitative data and repeats reveal random variation.
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Correct answer: Blue to pink
Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is blue and becomes pink when hydrated by water.
Correct answer: CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃ and CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₃
Both displayed structural formulae have molecular formula C₄H₁₀, but one is a straight chain and the other is branched.
Correct answer: Use the same acid concentration and volume, identical apparatus, an airtight gas syringe and repeat each test
Controlling acid conditions and apparatus isolates carbonate identity; an airtight gas syringe provides quantitative data and repeats reveal random variation.
For parents: look at the explanation together. A correct answer is encouraging; a missed answer gives you something specific to work on. Broader practice over time is needed to understand progress.
During melting, energy weakens attractive forces and changes particle arrangement, so average kinetic energy and temperature remain constant.
Watch for: Do not describe States of matter only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Compounds have chemically bonded elements in fixed ratios; mixtures have components not chemically bonded and can often be separated physically.
Watch for: Do not describe Atoms, elements and compounds only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
An empirical formula reduces element amounts to their simplest whole-number ratio; a molecular formula may be a multiple.
Watch for: Do not describe Stoichiometry only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Hydrogen and chlorine require controlled collection and suitable tests; direct inhalation, flames near mixed gases and electrical contact are unsafe.
Watch for: Do not describe Electrochemistry only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Known mass, temperature change and insulation support q = mcΔT; rapid readings help identify the true maximum or minimum.
Watch for: Do not describe Chemical energetics only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Keeping temperature, reactant amount, surface area and apparatus constant allows rate differences to be attributed to concentration.
Watch for: Do not describe Chemical reactions only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Partial evaporation creates a concentrated solution; cooling forms crystals that are separated and dried without excessive heating.
Watch for: Do not describe Acids, bases and salts only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Transition metals commonly have high density and melting point, coloured compounds, catalytic activity and variable oxidation states.
Watch for: Do not describe The Periodic Table only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
R and S contain both oxygen and water, whereas dry air lacks water and boiled water under oil lacks oxygen; dissolved salt can speed corrosion in S.
Watch for: Do not describe Metals only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
A sharp boiling point matching pure water supports its identity and purity, but a sound identification uses corroborating evidence such as a chemical test for water.
Watch for: Do not describe Chemistry of the environment only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Condensation monomers link through functional groups while a small molecule is lost; addition polymerisation opens carbon–carbon double bonds and produces only the polymer.
Watch for: Do not describe Organic chemistry only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Controlling acid conditions and apparatus isolates carbonate identity; an airtight gas syringe provides quantitative data and repeats reveal random variation.
Watch for: Do not describe Experimental techniques and chemical analysis only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
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Cambridge IGCSE · International GCSE · Chemistry · 0620
2026-2028 syllabus, version 1
Source checked: 2026-08-28. The current official specification controls assessment requirements and option choices.
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