Which brain structure develops early and controls basic autonomic functions such as breathing?
The brain stem supports basic survival functions including breathing and heart rate and develops before higher cortical areas.
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The brain stem supports basic survival functions including breathing and heart rate and develops before higher cortical areas.
Rehearsal supports durable storage and active retrieval strengthens access to the material. Spacing also reduces overload and interference.
A rare case provides detailed evidence that cannot ethically be produced experimentally, but historical reports, individual uniqueness and uncertain lesion extent limit reliability and generalisability.
These tiles show your answers to three questions. They are a starting point, not a mastery score or grade prediction.
Correct answer: Brain stem
The brain stem supports basic survival functions including breathing and heart rate and develops before higher cortical areas.
Correct answer: Using spaced rehearsal and active retrieval over time
Rehearsal supports durable storage and active retrieval strengthens access to the material. Spacing also reduces overload and interference.
Correct answer: It is a single historical case with uncertain records and cannot isolate every damaged pathway
A rare case provides detailed evidence that cannot ethically be produced experimentally, but historical reports, individual uniqueness and uncertain lesion extent limit reliability and generalisability.
For parents: look at the explanation together. A correct answer is encouraging; a missed answer gives you something specific to work on. Broader practice over time is needed to understand progress.
The longitudinal study found that the proportion of process praise, which focused on effort or action, predicted children's later incremental beliefs and challenge-seeking. It was an association, not proof that praise alone caused the outcome.
Watch for: Do not describe a study or theory for Development without applying or evaluating it. Separate what the evidence shows from what can reasonably be concluded.
The highly controlled trigram task isolates short-term retention, but artificial material and backward counting differ from meaningful everyday memory. This limits ecological validity while supporting control and replication.
Watch for: Do not describe a study or theory for Memory without applying or evaluating it. Separate what the evidence shows from what can reasonably be concluded.
Medication can reduce symptoms and help engagement with daily life or therapy, but response varies and side effects, adherence and relapse are relevant limitations. Effectiveness should be compared with psychological treatment and combined care.
Watch for: Do not describe a study or theory for Psychological problems without applying or evaluating it. Separate what the evidence shows from what can reasonably be concluded.
Case evidence, controlled testing and modern imaging have allowed increasingly objective links between brain systems and behaviour. Conclusions still require caution because biological and experiential influences interact.
Watch for: Do not describe a study or theory for The brain and neuropsychology without applying or evaluating it. Separate what the evidence shows from what can reasonably be concluded.
Behaviour rapidly diverged by assigned role: some guards used humiliating control, while prisoners showed distress, dependence and passivity. The study was stopped early, supporting the power of the institutional situation.
Watch for: Do not describe a study or theory for Social influence without applying or evaluating it. Separate what the evidence shows from what can reasonably be concluded.
Community sentencing can address causes of offending and require reparation without the disruption and criminal socialisation of custody. Its effectiveness depends on enforcement and suitable risk assessment.
Watch for: Do not describe a study or theory for Criminal psychology without applying or evaluating it. Separate what the evidence shows from what can reasonably be concluded.
Participants read a determinist passage adapted from Francis Crick before completing tasks in which cheating was possible. The manipulation tested whether weakened free-will belief affected behaviour.
Watch for: Do not describe a study or theory for The self without applying or evaluating it. Separate what the evidence shows from what can reasonably be concluded.
Haber and Levin examined how known object size contributes to judgments of actual size and distance, testing whether familiar-size information can support size perception without first calculating distance.
Watch for: Do not describe a study or theory for Perception without applying or evaluating it. Separate what the evidence shows from what can reasonably be concluded.
A reliable link between physiological activation and dream features supports a biological generation mechanism. It does not by itself prove that no dream has psychological meaning, but it reduces the need for unfalsifiable latent explanations.
Watch for: Do not describe a study or theory for Sleep and dreaming without applying or evaluating it. Separate what the evidence shows from what can reasonably be concluded.
Mandarin and English speakers showed different sensitivities to vertical and horizontal spatial primes. This supports linguistic influence or relativism, not the claim that language makes other thought impossible.
Watch for: Do not describe a study or theory for Language, thought and communication without applying or evaluating it. Separate what the evidence shows from what can reasonably be concluded.
The intensity of role behaviour produced distress beyond minimal everyday risk, and prisoners could feel unable to leave. Research value did not remove the duty to stop harm and preserve voluntary withdrawal.
Watch for: Do not describe a study or theory for Research methods without applying or evaluating it. Separate what the evidence shows from what can reasonably be concluded.
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Pearson Edexcel · GCSE · Psychology · 1PS0
Issue 1, December 2016; confirmed current August 2026
Source checked: 2026-08-28. The current official specification controls assessment requirements and option choices.
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