Specification YCH11. Explore a topic, practise the skill, and see where to focus next.
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One mole is an amount of substance containing the Avogadro constant, 6.02 × 10^23, of the specified entities. The entities must be stated, for example atoms, molecules or ions.
Neutral iron is [Ar] 3d6 4s2. When transition-metal ions form, 4s electrons are removed before 3d electrons, so Fe2+ is [Ar] 3d6.
Both are giant ionic lattices, but Mg2+ and O2− carry double charges and are relatively small. The greater charge product and shorter ion separation strengthen attraction and raise lattice melting temperature.
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Correct answer: The amount containing 6.02 × 10^23 specified particles
One mole is an amount of substance containing the Avogadro constant, 6.02 × 10^23, of the specified entities. The entities must be stated, for example atoms, molecules or ions.
Correct answer: [Ar] 3d6
Neutral iron is [Ar] 3d6 4s2. When transition-metal ions form, 4s electrons are removed before 3d electrons, so Fe2+ is [Ar] 3d6.
Correct answer: Mg2+ and O2− have greater charges and smaller radii, producing stronger electrostatic attraction
Both are giant ionic lattices, but Mg2+ and O2− carry double charges and are relatively small. The greater charge product and shorter ion separation strengthen attraction and raise lattice melting temperature.
For parents: look at the explanation together. A correct answer is encouraging; a missed answer gives you something specific to work on. Broader practice over time is needed to understand progress.
Bromine-water decolourisation shows chemical unsaturation, while the infrared absorption supports a C=C functional group. Together they strengthen the conclusion, though neither alone fixes the complete structure.
Watch for: Do not describe Unit 3: Practical Skills in Chemistry I only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
A sharp boiling result supports purity but is not conclusive, especially for close-boiling contaminants. The unexpected O-H absorption is independent evidence of water or an alcohol and warrants drying, rerunning a background and repeating analysis.
Watch for: Do not describe Unit 6: Practical Skills in Chemistry II only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Yield measures product obtained relative to the theoretical amount, while atom economy measures the fraction of reactant atoms in the desired product. A sound choice also considers solvents, energy, toxicity, separation and actual waste.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 1: Formulae, Equations and Amount of Substance only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Greater resolving power can distinguish ions with close mass-to-charge ratios, while calibration checks the m/z scale. Increasing quantity does not resolve overlapping peaks, and ordinary chemical heating cannot change isotopes.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 2: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Each carbon in graphite forms three sigma bonds, leaving one electron delocalised across a layer. In diamond, each carbon forms four localised covalent bonds, so no mobile charge carriers are available.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 3: Bonding and Structure only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Limited oxygen can produce carbon monoxide. CO binds to haemoglobin much more strongly than oxygen, reducing the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity; poor ventilation allows it to accumulate.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 4: Introductory Organic Chemistry and Alkanes only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Sodium carbonate neutralises residual acid carried into the organic distillate. Carbon dioxide is released, so a separating funnel must be vented to avoid dangerous pressure build-up before the organic layer is dried.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 5: Alkenes only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
A useful fuel assessment includes usable energy, combustion efficiency, pollutants, handling and lifecycle impacts. Soot indicates incomplete combustion and also invalidates a simple conclusion from an uncorrected calorimetry result.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 6: Energetics only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
HF's strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding causes its anomaly. HCl, HBr and HI do not hydrogen-bond significantly; their boiling temperatures rise as electron count and polarisability increase.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 7: Intermolecular Forces only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Oxidation is loss of electrons and is accompanied by an increase in oxidation number. Reduction is gain of electrons and a decrease in oxidation number.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 8: Redox Chemistry and Groups 1, 2 and 7 only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
The reactant side has four moles of gas and the product side has two. Higher pressure favours the side with fewer gas particles, so equilibrium shifts toward ammonia; K is unchanged at constant temperature.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 9: Introduction to Kinetics and Equilibria only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Both alcohol isomers share molecular mass and an O-H group. Distinguishing connectivity needs further evidence, such as mass fragments or oxidation to an aldehyde versus ketone and identification of that product.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 10: Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols and Spectra only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
The slowest kinetically significant step controls how quickly the overall reaction proceeds. Its molecular participants must be consistent with the observed rate equation, allowing for preceding equilibria.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 11: Kinetics only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Thermodynamic stability concerns the driving force and total entropy, while kinetic stability concerns reaction rate. A feasible reaction can be extremely slow because of a high activation energy.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 12: Entropy and Energetics only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Separating the solid phase prevents suspended silver from interfering with optical or volumetric analysis and defines the sampled liquid composition. Sampling should also minimise further reaction before measurement.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 13: Chemical Equilibria only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Strength describes degree of dissociation, not concentration. A strong acid forms ions essentially completely in water, while a weak acid establishes an equilibrium with mostly undissociated acid.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 14: Acid-base Equilibria only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Alkaline ester hydrolysis cleaves ethyl ethanoate into ethanol and the ethanoate salt. Formation of the carboxylate makes the process effectively irreversible under these conditions.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 15: Carbonyls, Carboxylic Acids and Chirality only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
A voltmeter measures a potential difference between two half-cells, not an absolute half-cell value. Assigning the standard hydrogen electrode zero allows other standard reduction potentials to be measured consistently.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 16: Redox Equilibria only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
The ligand field splits d orbitals into different energy levels. Absorption of selected visible wavelengths promotes d electrons, and the transmitted or reflected complementary light gives the observed colour.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 17: Transition Metals and their Chemistry only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Ethene's localised pi electron density induces a dipole and undergoes addition readily. Benzene would lose aromatic delocalisation during addition and needs a stronger electrophile generated by a halogen carrier for substitution.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 18: Organic Chemistry - Arenes only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Basicity and salt formation suggest an amine but are not unique. Acylation to a characterised amide provides independent functional-group evidence, with fume control because ethanoyl chloride is corrosive and reactive.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 19: Organic Nitrogen Compounds only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
Impurities disrupt crystal packing, commonly lowering and broadening the melting range. The result suggests incomplete purification or drying and should be considered alongside yield and other evidence.
Watch for: Do not describe Topic 20: Organic Synthesis only at the observable level. Use the correct particles, bonding, energy change or quantitative relationship where the question requires it.
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Pearson Edexcel IAL · Chemistry · A Level · Chemistry · YCH11
Issue 1; September 2017; current August 2026
Source checked: 2026-08-29. The current official specification controls assessment requirements and option choices.
Yes. This page offers three original questions from three different skills on this exact course. Each answer has an explanation, followed by a sample heatmap showing what was correct and what to revisit. No account is needed, and taster answers are not saved.
It shows the outcome of these three answers and gives a specific skill to discuss or practise next. It is not a full assessment, a mastery score or a grade prediction. Broader practice over time is needed to understand progress.
LearningP currently maps 22 assessed areas for specification YCH11. The visible topic map below is derived from the verified route; the current official specification remains controlling.
The verified source bank contains 220 original LearningP question records for this route. Every mapped area meets the current publication minimum and passed the latest blocker and review audit.
No. LearningP uses official specifications and assessment materials to map content and demand, while its practice questions and explanations are independently authored.
No. LearningP reports practice evidence, coverage, strengths and gaps. It does not guarantee or automatically predict examination outcomes.
Use the official Pearson Edexcel IAL · Chemistry specification and assessment-resource pages linked on this page, together with information supplied by the learner’s school.