Which is a disadvantage of operating as a sole trader?
A sole trader has unlimited liability, so personal assets may be exposed to business debts. Sole ownership can still provide control and entitlement to profit.
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A sole trader has unlimited liability, so personal assets may be exposed to business debts. Sole ownership can still provide control and entitlement to profit.
Inherent goodwill was generated by the existing partners before admission, so any credit for that value belongs to them in their old profit-sharing ratio. The subsequent adjustment under the new ratio prevents goodwill remaining as an unsupported permanent asset when it is not purchased.
The acquiring entity debits the identifiable assets and goodwill received and credits the vendor account with the purchase consideration payable. Here £300,000 + £40,000 = £340,000, so the entry balances and distinguishes identifiable net assets from goodwill.
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Correct answer: The owner has unlimited liability
A sole trader has unlimited liability, so personal assets may be exposed to business debts. Sole ownership can still provide control and entitlement to profit.
Correct answer: To compensate the existing partners for the value created before admission
Inherent goodwill was generated by the existing partners before admission, so any credit for that value belongs to them in their old profit-sharing ratio. The subsequent adjustment under the new ratio prevents goodwill remaining as an unsupported permanent asset when it is not purchased.
Correct answer: Debit net assets £300,000 and goodwill £40,000; credit vendor £340,000
The acquiring entity debits the identifiable assets and goodwill received and credits the vendor account with the purchase consideration payable. Here £300,000 + £40,000 = £340,000, so the entry balances and distinguishes identifiable net assets from goodwill.
For parents: look at the explanation together. A correct answer is encouraging; a missed answer gives you something specific to work on. Broader practice over time is needed to understand progress.
A partnership enables shared ownership, expertise and finance without the public-company structure. Unless a limited-liability form is used, partners also need to assess personal liability and agree decision and profit-sharing terms.
Watch for: Do not treat Types of business entity as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
The general journal records entries that do not belong in another book of prime entry, including corrections, opening entries and non-current asset credit transactions.
Watch for: Do not treat The accounting system as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
An upward revaluation that is not a realised trading profit is credited to revaluation reserve. It is not available as ordinary realised profit for dividend distribution.
Watch for: Do not treat Accounting for non-current assets as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
The reconciliation explains differences such as unpresented cheques and uncredited deposits and highlights possible errors. It supports control but cannot guarantee that fraud is absent.
Watch for: Do not treat Reconciliation and verification as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
Irrecoverable debts expense is debited and the customer's account is credited to remove the trade receivable.
Watch for: Do not treat Preparation of financial statements as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
Different accounting policies, business sizes, product mixes, locations and year ends can reduce comparability even when the same formula is used.
Watch for: Do not treat Analysis and communication of accounting information as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
The angle of incidence is formed where sales revenue crosses total cost. A larger angle reflects a greater difference in line slopes, so profit tends to increase more quickly after break-even.
Watch for: Do not treat Costs and cost behaviour as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
Allocation assigns an identifiable whole overhead to one cost centre. Apportionment shares a common overhead across centres on a suitable basis. Absorption then charges production overhead to units or jobs using an absorption rate.
Watch for: Do not treat Traditional costing methods as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
A defensible recommendation links the funding method to cash-flow capacity, restrictions and stakeholder effects. Loan finance creates fixed repayments, while subscriptions and fundraising affect affordability and reliability. Restricted funds must be used for their stated purpose.
Watch for: Do not treat Preparation of financial statements as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
Directors are responsible for stewardship and preparing the statements. Independent auditors obtain evidence and report whether the financial statements give the required fair presentation, supporting corporate governance without taking over management's role.
Watch for: Do not treat Regulatory and ethical considerations as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
A merger decision requires supported estimates of synergies, integration costs, financing and non-financial effects. Scale benefits are not automatic, while identified integration risks do not prove failure if they can be costed and managed.
Watch for: Do not treat Business acquisition and merger as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
Record counts test completeness and control totals test whether the transferred values reconcile with the source data. Exceptions should be investigated before sign-off; visual inspection alone cannot provide sufficient evidence over thousands of records.
Watch for: Do not treat Computerised accounting systems as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
A highly geared company uses a relatively high proportion of interest-bearing long-term finance. Fixed interest can magnify returns to ordinary shareholders when operating returns are strong, but increases risk when profit or cash flow weakens.
Watch for: Do not treat Analysis and communication of accounting information as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
A labour-hour rate spreads setup overhead mainly according to volume. The high-volume simple product may therefore absorb too much, while the low-volume complex product absorbs too little despite creating more setup activity. ABC can reveal this cross-subsidy.
Watch for: Do not treat Activity based costing (ABC) as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
Management by exception directs limited management time toward variances that exceed monetary, percentage or risk thresholds. Significance and controllability matter; a small recurring variance may still warrant attention.
Watch for: Do not treat Standard costing as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
The principal budget factor constrains activity and must be identified first. The sales budget commonly drives production, resource, working-capital and cash budgets, which are coordinated before budgeted financial statements are completed.
Watch for: Do not treat Budgeting and budgetary control as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
A positive NPV supports the project financially but does not override legal, ethical, safety or environmental constraints. Management should assess mitigation costs and residual risks before making a justified decision.
Watch for: Do not treat Investment appraisal as a calculation only. Apply the correct accounting rule, show the working and interpret the result.
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Cambridge International · A Level · Accounting · 9706
2026–2028 syllabus Version 1; current checked 30 August 2026
Source checked: 2026-08-30. The current official specification controls assessment requirements and option choices.
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